"...Souls and Worms
From the Daoist perspective, the human body contains not only body
gods but also souls and worms, many of which may cause sickness or
death. This concept has ancient roots. It makes reference to the ancient
dualistic notion of hun 魂 (spirit soul) and po 魄 (material soul), which
designate the yang and yin souls in the body, one connecting to heaven
and the other linking with earth (Kohn 1997; Y. Yü 1987, 369‑78). Fur‑
thermore, it relates to the Han‑dynasty notion of the physical three
worms (sanchong 三蟲), which are leech‑like worms and “gnaw through
the intestines of people” (Kohn 1995a, 35; Lun Heng 論衡 16:3a‑b).34 / Journal of Daoist Studies 4 (2011)
By the Tang and Song periods, Daoists expanded the concepts of
yin and yang, hun and po, and the three worms to a more complicated
microcosmic system of body gods, spirits, and worms. New members
include the three spirit souls (sanhun 三魂), the seven material souls (qipo
七魄) (Fig. 1a), the three deathbringers (sanshi 三尸) (Fig. 1b), and the
nine worms (jiuchong 九蟲) (Fig. 1c) (Kubo 1961; Kohn 1993b, 1995a‑b,
1997, 97‑102; Xiao 2002, 258‑371). By visualizing such bodily spirits in
their concrete form, one can control or expel them, a feature that led to
the creation and proliferation of the images of such body entities. While
the three spirit souls reflect the wonderful manifestation of the yang
forces in the body and are often illustrated as gentlemen (DZ 871,
18:697b; DZ 220, 4:7b‑c; ZW 314, 9:524a),1 the others represent the yin
counterparts of evil forces; their appearance ranges from the demonic
and abnormal to micro‑organic parasites and earthworms.2 Examined as
a group, these harmful souls and worms exhibit a unique sub‑category of
Daoist visual culture which also converges with the little‑studied visual‑
ity of Chinese demonology and disease.
The earliest extant visual materials detailing this subject is the
ninth‑to‑tenth‑century Daoist illustrated handbook of “demonic ento‑
mology” (Mollier 2006, 86), Chu sanshi jiuchong baosheng jing
除三尸九蟲保生經 (Scripture for the Protection of Life through the Elimi‑
nation of the three deathbringers and nine worms , DZ 871, hereafter
called Baosheng jing) (Fig. 1) (Kubo 1961; Kohn 1993b, 1995a‑b, 1998, 97‑
102; Schipper in Schipper and Verellen 2004, 364; 2006, 174‑75). The text
may stem from the Sichuan area; it attributes the original illustrations to
a student of the Tang physician Sun Simiao 孫思邈 (581‑682) (Schipper
and Verellen 2004, 364).3 The following discussion will draw on visual
examples from this text.
The seven material souls are basically the internal demons. Con‑
trary to the three spirit souls, who represent the intellectual, artistic, and
spiritual side of people and grant adepts beneficial goodness, they are
representatives of peopleʹs instinctive needs for sleep, food, sex, and sur‑
vival and tend to cause tension and sickness (Fig. 1a) (YJQQ 54: 1193‑95;
Kohn 1998, 97‑98; Schipper 1993, 134‑35). They have individual names and are shown in semi‑demonic forms except two: Devouring Thief
(Tunze 吞賊) looks like a man holding a rolled document and Expelling
Filth (Chuhui 除穢) is shown as a female deity.4 Sparrow of Yin (Queyin
雀陰) and Flying Poison (Feidu 飛毒) are the most monstrous: they have
human legs and bird or demon heads (Mollier 2003, 412, 425; 2006, 99).
In fact, they look quite like the other set of body demons, the three
deathbringers
The Three Deathbringers
The three deathbringers are among the most widely‑documented body
parasites in early and medieval literature (DZ 1016, 20:519; DZ 1185,
28:183, 193; Ware 1966, 77, 115; DZ 426; DZ 1365; Xiao 2002, 272‑84). Ac‑
cording to the Baosheng jing, the upper deathbringer resembles a male
Daoist scholar, the middle deathbringer is depicted as a Chinese lion,
and the lower deathbringer has a deformed one‑legged human body
with an oxʹs head (Fig. 1b) (DZ 871, 18: 699b‑c). Sharing the same sur‑
name Peng 彭, they are imaginary brothers serving to create illness and
trouble in body and mind (18: 699b‑c. Cf. YJQQ5 81:1854‑55).
The Upper deathbringer resides in the head. He causes headaches,
tearing eyes, and runny nose; he also creates deafness, loose teeth, bad
breath, wrinkles, and white hair (18: 699b). The middle deathbringer
lives in the heart and attacks the five organs, prompting the commission
of wrong‑doings and loss of memory. Other symptoms range from anxiety and thirst to coughing up phlegm, tinnitus, and sweating while feeling cold (18: 699c). The lower deathbringer lives in the lower abdomen;
he arouses desire and lust, prompting people to have intercourse with
ghosts and thus ending up with exhausted waist, weak legs, and frequent urination (18: 699c). Developed in both Daoist and Buddhist communities in the Tang
period, a night‑long gengshen vigil called “guarding on the Gengshen
Day” (shou gengshen 守庚申) aimed at preventing the three deathbringers
from leaving the body and reporting wrongdoings to the heavenly court(Xiao 2002, 302‑18). This practice was transmitted to Japan in Tang times
by way of Buddhism, as vividly reflected in some later Japanese draw‑
ings of the three deathbringers bearing similar iconographic traits as
their Chinese prototype (Kubo 1961, 481‑84; fig. 122, 526; Xiao 2002, 323‑
28, 355‑57). Throughout the Song, elaborate drug prescriptions and talismans were created to eliminate the three deathbringers (Wenyuan yinghua 文苑英華 228:9a, 261:5a; YJQQ 81‑83:1857‑89; Yishuo 醫說 3:19a, 5:45a,
8:14b; Xiao 2002, 302‑08). Monopode Oddities
The one‑legged body of the lower deathbringer looks much like the souls
called Sparrow of Yin and Flying Poison (Fig. 2a). They are reminiscent
of the many bizarre monopode “zoomorphic oddities” recorded in the
Shanhai jing 山海經 (Classic of Mountains and Seas), a compilation of
ancient mythology whose contents date from the Warring States to the
Han periods (Birrell 1999).6 The lower deathbringer, in particular, compares closely to an ox‑headed ceramic “object of an eccentric form” (yixingqi 異形器) (Fig. 2b) excavated from a Southern Song tomb of the Yang
family in Mianyang 綿陽, Sichuan (He 1988, 71). It is an object that bears
“an animal head with two horns; its mouth carries an object; its body is
shaped like a leg with a hoof (shenwei tizu xing 身為蹄足形)” (He 1988,
72). Likely, this eccentric figurine refers to the ox‑headed lower
deathbringer. The single‑legged prototype also recalls the one‑human‑
legged and four‑headed “monster of disease” known as Heavenly Thief
(Tianzei 天), shown in a manuscript from Dunhuang usually dated to
the late Tang (S. 6216) (Fig. 2c) (Mollier 2003, 412, 425; Cedzich 1995, 152‑
57; Harper 2005, fig. 6.2, 142‑43).7 Such comparisons further suggest that
an image convention of the one‑legged oddity seems to have circulated
in the Sichuan and Dunhuang areas in medieval China..."
https://arthistory.rice.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty/Huang/Huang.Daoist_Body_and_Cosmos.2011_%28off-print%29.pdf
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου
Σημείωση: Μόνο ένα μέλος αυτού του ιστολογίου μπορεί να αναρτήσει σχόλιο.